Newer versions of macOS have an extra security feature baked in that requires the user to give permission for apps that do screen recording. Unfortunately, Apple doesn't let us automatically grant this during setup or through remote commands and it requires user interaction.
Users will see this as an issue the first time that they try to use any application feature that tries to share their desktop. Examples of this would be presenting during a Zoom meeting or using Chrome to cast a presentation.
To cast your full desktop, go to > System Preferences > Security & Privacy > Privacy and find Screen Recording in the sidebar. Click the lock in the lower-left of the window and enter your credentials when prompted. (If your credentials don't work, you may not be set up as an administrator for your computer. Your building's technical support specialist should be able to change that for you if it comes up.) Finally, check the box next to Google Chrome or the app that you are attempting to use.
If you do not see the application as an option in Screen Recording, just try to share or cast your desktop again; that should make it show up in the list of applications. Alternatively, there may be an add and remove button below the application list in the Screen Recording Preferences Pane. If this is available you can click on the plus button to add applications.